Science
~ Ecology ~ Nonnative Species
Whether called nonnative, alien, exotic, or nonindigenous, introduced
species are those that evolved elsewhere and have been purposely
or accidentally relocated. Explore the causes, effects and other
aspects of the introduction of nonnative species. You might choose
to concentrate on a particular geographic region or country, on
a particular plant or animal, or on a particular industry. You
might examine the factors that lead to a particular species’
relocation. You might consider how a species functions in its
native ecosystem vs. those it invades. We’re sure you will
come up with many ideas, but here are some examples to get you
thinking:
Example One: Industry
Ballast water is an aspect of the shipping industry that contributes
to the dispersion of species around the globe. When ships unload
their cargo, they often fill their ballast tanks with water to
provide balance for their return journey. In addition to water,
many aquatic organisms are sucked into these tanks and given transport.
A ship will then empty its ballast tank (and various aquatic stowaways)
at the next port where it takes on cargo. Many invasive species
have become introduced into new areas this way. A relatively simple
control mechanism is to exchange ballast water on the high seas
between ports to remove invasive species before they reach the
destination port. Other methods being explored are using filters
to trap organisms as the tanks are filled or heating the water
to kill them.
Example Two: Species
One example of an animal species is the zebra mussel (Dreissena
polymorpha), native to the Caspian Sea region of Eurasia. This
mussel is a ballast-water stowaway and was first discovered to
have made its way across the Atlantic to North America in 1988.
The first account of an established population came from Lake
St. Clair, a small water body connecting Lake Huron and Lake Erie.
By 1990, zebra mussels had been found in all of the Great Lakes.
Colonies of zebra mussels attach to boats, pipes, and the shells
of other mollusks. The zebra mussel is a voracious filter feeder
and removes suspended particles from the water, changing the physical
characteristics of the invaded habitat and causing native clams
to starve to death.
One example of a plant species is the Australian Swamp Stonecrop.
It was introduced to England in the early 20th century from Tasmania
for use as an exotic decorative element in garden ponds. However,
the smallest fragment of a stem or leaf can easily migrate and
the Australian Swamp Stonecrop now infests more than 2,000 sites
across the country and is considered the most detrimental of England's
top 15 invasive plants. This rapidly spreading plant clogs still
waters by forming a dense carpet on the surface. Other plants
are smothered and the water becomes deoxygenated, killing fish
and other aquatic creatures. Australian stonecrop continues growing
throughout the winter and there are no natural controls for the
weed. Its rapacious growth also threatens England's rarest wild
flower, the starfruit, which is barely surviving in only nine
locations nationwide.
Example Three: Geographic Area
Hawaii is one example of a geographic area impacted by nonnative
species: Half the land area of Hawaii is now dominated by alien
species. For example, the Indian mongoose, introduced to Hawaii
in the 1802 to kill rats in sugar cane fields, has since wreaked
havoc on native birds and poultry. In causes millions of dollars
in damage to domestic flocks and ground nesting birds in Hawaii
each year.
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Science ~ Earth Science ~ Natural Disasters
Consider a type of natural disaster, such as earthquakes, tornadoes,
severe storms, droughts, volcanic eruptions or others. You might
look at the causes of, effects of, and responses to a disaster.
You might consider disasters of similar type and magnitude in
two different parts of the world that produced very different
levels of damage and explore why. You might also research strategies
for preventing damage from natural disasters, such as early warning
systems or building codes, whether strategies differ in different
parts of the world, how and where international organizations
work together to address disasters. Here are a couple of examples
to get you thinking:
Example One: Geographic Comparison of Natural Disasters
The destructive power that an earthquake inflicts on a particular
population can vary based on a number of factors such as magnitude,
type, depth, distance from epicenter, soil conditions, quality
of infrastructure, preparedness of population, time of day, and
duration. For example, in Armenia, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake
on December 7, 1988 resulted in over 25,000 fatalities. Contributing
factors included poorly engineered buildings, an epicenter close
to urban areas, and timing in the middle of the night. Less than
a year later on October 17, 1989, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake centered
in the remote Santa Cruz mountains of California, U.S., caused
severe structural damage in the nearby San Francisco Bay Area,
but resulted in only 63 fatalities -- less than 1% of the Armenian
death toll.
Example Two: Causes and Effects of a Natural Disaster
Since 1976, there have been seven occurrences of El Niño,
the Pacific water-warming phenomenon blamed for destructive storms
and flooding in many regions of the world. Some scientists have
speculated about a possible link between rising global temperatures
(global warming) and the apparent increase in the occurrence of
El Niño. One climatoligist, Kevin Trenberth of the National
Center for Atmospheric Research in the U.S., hypothesizes that
El Niño may function as a natural "pressure release
valve", relieving excess heat built up in ocean currents
and weather systems. Other organizations have hesitated to establish
a causal link, but warn that the unusual weather may very well
provide a glimpse of the earth's future climate.
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Social Sciences ~ Anthropology ~ Mythology
& Folklore
Virtually every culture has a mythological tradition. Mythology
deals with deep inner mysteries, inner problems and inner thresholds
of passage. It reveals much of what human beings have in common.
At the same time, it can teach us to turn inward, know ourselves,
and get in touch with the experience of being alive. Mythology
has also informed and reflected religion, inspired art, underpinned
civilizations and supported human societies for millennia. Myths
and folktales are similar in that they generally cannot be attributed
to a single author. While myths deal with the ideas noted above,
folktales are any stories that have traditionally been passed
along orally and take place in anonymous time and place settings.
In exploring this topic, you might consider the origins of a particular
myth or folktale or the commonality of characters, themes and
motifs in world myths. What do these stories teach us about universal
truths or human experience? What is the significance of similarities
or differences in tales from different societies, different time
periods? The suggestions above are not mutually exclusive. Feel
free to combine them. We are sure you’ll have many ideas,
but here are some examples to get you thinking:
Example One: Commonality of Themes
In his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Joseph Campbell suggests
that there is a certain type of myth that one might call the vision
quest – going in search of a boon, a benefit, a vision –
which has essentially the same form in every mythology. The hero
leaves the world that he or she is in and goes out into a depth
or a distance or up to a height. There he discovers what was missing
in his consciousness in the world he formerly inhabited. Then
comes the problem of choosing whether to stay in this new place
and let go of the former world, or return to the social world
again while trying to hold onto the boon. One example is that
of Telemachus, the son of the Greek hero Odysseus, who sets out
on a long and difficult journey to find his father and bring him
home. Another is that of the Sumerian sky goddess, Inanna, who
descends into the underworld and undergoes death to bring her
beloved back to life.
Another story that appears in essentially the same form in a
variety of different cultures is that of a kind, but persecuted
heroine who suffers at the hands of her step-family after the
death of her mother. Her father is either absent or neglectful
depending on the version. The heroine has a magical guardian (often
a representative of her dead mother) who helps her triumph over
her persecutors. Most versions include an epiphany sparked by
an article of clothing (usually a shoe or a ring) that causes
the heroine to be recognized for her true worth and rewarded with
marriage to a handsome prince or other high official in the end.
This seemingly universal heroine is known as Cinderella in English,
Yeh-Shen in Chinese, Zezolla in Italian, Katie Woodencloak in
Norwegian, Liisa in Finnish, Rashin-Coatie in Scottish, Tam in
Vietnamese, Aschenputtel in German, and Vasilisa in Russian. In
all, there are more than 3,000 recorded instances of this archetypal
story.
Example Two: Recurring Characters
Trickster characters such as Coyote and Crow in indigenous North
American mythology, Loki the fire god in Norse mythology, and
Anansi the spider in African myths, are known for being crafty,
sly pranksters and trouble-makers. But tricksters’ roles
and shapes in stories are interestingly unclear. For instance,
their tricks can result in either great harm or great good. Sometimes
tricksters change shapes or forms. Sometimes they are god-like
and sometimes they are human or animal-like. They test cultural
boundaries and beliefs, and thus, they can be valuable because
they highlight the values of a culture that otherwise go unchallenged.
Animal characters also appear frequently in myths and folktales.
They can play a number of different roles. For instance, they
can be helpers/guides to humans (such as the Four Dragons who
became China's four great rivers). They can also be heroes/protectors
(such as Quetzalcoatl in Mexican mythology), villains (such as
the “Oni” demons of Japanese folklore), or even humans
in disguise (such as the Frog Prince in Western fairytales).
Example Three: Mythology in Art
The phoenix is a miraculous bird that is fabled to live for 500
years, to be consumed in fire, and to rise in youthful freshness
from its own ashes. Hence, it is often a symbol of immortality.
It has been widely represented in works of art in many different
parts of the world for centuries. In the collection of The Metropolitan
Museum of Art in New York City in the U.S., there are many artworks
that feature phoenixes: A Turkish sword called a Yatagan (circa
1525-30) depicts combat between a dragon and a phoenix on its
gold encrusted blade. A Japanese mouth organ called a Sho (circa
1615-1716) features tubes that are arranged symbolically in the
form of folded phoenix wings. In contemporary literature, J.K.
Rowling’s Harry Potter owns a wand that draws its power
from the phoenix feather it contains.
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Science ~ Space ~ Space Travel
Exploring outer space is one of the most exciting endeavors of
the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Since Soviet cosmonaut
Yuri Gagarin made history in 1961 by undertaking the first manned
space flight, and the United States’ National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) put the first men on the moon
in 1969, human space travel has sparked the imaginations of scientists,
writers, filmmakers and other thinkers. In this topic area you
might develop a website that examines past, current, and future
trends in space exploration. You might consider the changing objectives
of space missions over time, or the growing body of knowledge
we are amassing about our solar system and the universe beyond.
You could explore different spacecraft designs, the effects of
space travel on the human body, the challenges and opportunities
inherent in colonization, or the notion of space tourism. Here
are some ideas to get you thinking:
Example One: Spacecrafts
While much of NASA's focus over in the past thirty years has
been on the Space Shuttle program, scientists and aerospace designers
all over the world have simultaneously been developing alternative
spacecraft prototypes. For example, since the early 1970s, a scientist
named Gary Hudson has been developing designs for spacecraft that
would use vertical takeoff and landing (VTOVL) and reusable launch
vehicles (RLV), among other features. One of his prototypes is
called the Phoenix. Whereas most Space Shuttles are very large,
require monitoring by many technicians and engineers, have limited
cargo capacity, and use launch towers that are designed to fall
away at lift off, the Phoenix is designed to operate much like
commercial jet aircraft, with a small crew, much greater cargo
capacity, and simpler takeoff and landing requirements.
Example Two: Effect of Space Travel On Humans
Because of the lack of gravity in outer space, deterioration
of weight-bearing muscles and bones is one of the damaging effects
of space travel on the human body. To study space travel's effect
on muscles, Dr. Robert Wolfe of the University of Texas Medical
Branch (UTMB) at Galveston in Texas, U.S., enlisted healthy subjects
to stay in bed 28 days during a National Space Biomedical Research
Institute study. He and his co-investigator Dr. Arny Ferrando
found that when muscles are inactive, as they are in space, they
don’t make new proteins and therefore the muscles deteriorate.
These researchers found that, when subjects received nutritional
supplements of amino acids, which are the raw materials of protein,
they were able to maintain muscle synthesis rates and muscle mass.
Example Three: Space Mission Discoveries
In 1999, NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) returned a wealth
of amazing images from the red planet and aided in major discoveries.
MGS found evidence of ancient crustal movement on Mars, and provided
the first global 3-D map of the planet. The map gave scientists
their first detailed understanding of the relative heights of
various geologic features, including topography that shaped the
flow of water in Mars' early history and what may be the largest
asteroid impact crater ever recorded in our solar system. MGS
images also show that Mars is a different place today than it
was just two years ago when the spacecraft arrived -- a world
constantly reshaped by forces of nature including shifting sand
dunes, monster dust devils, wind storms, frosts and polar ice
caps that grow and retreat with the seasons.
Example Four: Human Settlements in Outer Space
The International Space Station (ISS) is the most ambitious international
science project in our history. Spearheaded by NASA, the ISS also
involves scientists and technological resources from sixteen other
nations including Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil and 11 nations
of the European Space Agency. When completed, the ISS will be
four times the size of the Russian Mir space station, and will
have a mass of 1 million pounds. It will measure 360 feet across
and 290 feet long with almost an acre of solar panels to power
six laboratories. The two-module component currently in orbit
has a mass of more than 76,000 pounds and measures 76 feet long
with a wingspan of 78 feet. On July 29, 2003, scientists aboard
the ISS celebrated the 1000th consecutive day of human habitation
on the station.
Physicist and former NASA scientist Mark Prado is founder of
a proposal called “Permanent,” which calls for the
creation of orbiting space settlements constructed out of materials
already in space – such as asteroids near Earth and/or lunar
material – instead of expensively transporting building
materials from Earth into space. Permanent seeks international
collaboration to eventually construct and link multiple satellites
and giant antennas ("orbital antenna farms") for enhanced
wireless communications on Earth. Permanent also proposes to build
industrial facilities for export of services and goods to Earth,
solar power plants to beam clean electrical energy to consumers
on Earth, and “gas stations in space” that would support
all kinds of next generation in-space services, products and infrastructure.
Example Five: Space Tourism
Astrium, a joint venture of the European Aeronautic Defense and
Space Company (EADS) and BAE Systems, is developing the "Hopper",
a re-usable transport system that is scheduled to become operational
by 2015. The unmanned Hopper, with a maximum takeoff weight of
400 tons, will transport payloads of up to seven tons into close-earth
orbit and payloads of up to five tons into the geostationary transfer
orbit. Hopper will land back on the Earth's surface like an airplane
and can be quickly prepared for the next mission. The long-term
goal is to use Hopper for the transportation of passengers. Based
on the company’s expertise, many in the space industry anticipate
that Astrium is also poised to develop, build and supply a hotel
in space, as well as to organize the necessary transportation.
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Social Sciences ~ Economics ~ World Economy
The World economy is a term that applies to the movement of resources
(such as goods, services, and money) and people across national
borders. Throughout the twentieth century and into the present,
changes in World economy are profoundly affecting localities and
individuals. The pace and distance of these movements have increased
rapidly as technology enhances our means of communication, transportation,
and productivity. In this topic, you have many options to consider.
You might explore the impact of world economy on what people buy,
use, eat, live in, drive, or do for recreation. Or, you could
explore how an item that had minimal presence in a culture twenty
years ago is impacting that culture today. You might also investigate
the impact of world economy shifts upon workers in a certain industry.
Here are some examples to get you started:
Example One: World Economy and Culture
The health care system in many African countries is aggravated
by a chronic shortage of African physicians and health care professionals,
many of whom do not receive adequate continuing training. Those
who receive training abroad often stay overseas after finishing
their studies rather than returning to work in Africa. A variety
of international organizations are delivering medical care and
instruction in new and innovative ways by leveraging Internet
and satellite technologies. One example is the Africa Foundation’s
“telemedicine” project, in which U.S.-based doctors
and dentists utilize streaming video on the Internet to provide
virtual patient consultations and training sessions for medical
personnel in remote African regions.
In 1996, producer and guitarist Ry Cooder gathered together a
group of virtually unknown Cuban musicians to collaborate on an
album of classic Latin big band music. Although these musicians
had been legendary talents and stars in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s,
many had faded from the public eye by the end of the century.
Some had died, others were living a quiet retirement in exile.
Among those that still lived in Cuba, most were long forgotten
and unemployed. The resulting album, Buena Vista Social Club,
went on to win a Grammy, the prestigious U.S. music industry award.
Inspired by the story, German filmmaker Wim Wenders traveled to
Cuba to chronicle the work of Cooder and the remarkable group
of musicians, as well as their sellout concerts in Amsterdam and
New York's Carnegie Hall in 1998. The documentary, also called
Buena Vista Social Club, was released to wide critical acclaim
and helped spur millions of album sales worldwide. Today, this
once-lost genre of Cuban music lives on via CD, film, and the
Internet and has helped rekindle international interest in Latin
culture and music.
Example Two: World Economy and Industry
The terms "outsourcing", "offshoring", or
“nearshoring” are often used to refer to the movement
of jobs from regions with high labor costs, such as the U.S.,
Western European, and Japan, to countries with relatively low
labor costs, such as India, China, the Philippines, Mexico, and
Russia. Already commonplace in the manufacturing sector for decades,
outsourcing has recently spread to the service and high-tech industries,
touching sectors in which workers are traditionally among the
most highly-paid and highly-skilled in their home countries, such
as banking/finance, architecture, medicine, and software/hardware
development. In fact, U.S. market research firm Forrester Research,
predicts that by 2015, 3.3 million U.S. service jobs, totaling
$136 billion in wages, will move offshore, no doubt fueled by
advances in digitization, the Internet, and high-speed networks.
Example Three: World Economy and Agriculture
Coffee is the Southern hemisphere’s second most important
export product, directly involving between 20 and 25 million farmers
and workers in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. In
the last three years, market coffee prices have dipped to their
lowest level in 40 years, far below what it costs most farmers
to produce the crop. In the face of this economic distress, a
new movement is emerging to cater to consumers who are concerned
about sustainable agriculture and plantation labor conditions.
One example is the Fairtrade coffee certification program. To
use the Fairtrade label, coffee traders must meet certain stringent
international criteria, which include paying a price that covers
the cost of sustainable production and provides farmers with a
living wage. To meet the criteria, traders often provide framers
with technical assistance as well, such as help transitioning
to organic farming. Since the Fairtrade coffee certification program
was launched in 1989, its sales have grown every year. In 2001,
certified organic and Fairtrade coffee fetched growers in Central
America, Mexico, Africa, and Asia prices of $110 to $136 per 100
pounds of coffee, which were between 108% to 399% above the conventional
price.
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Science ~ Health ~ Medicine
Approaches to the maintenance of health and the prevention, alleviation,
and/or cure of disease have varied over time and throughout the
world, making this a broad and exciting topic for exploration.
For example, you might consider a particular medical condition
and how it is understood and treated today versus 20 years ago.
Or, you might look at how a similar condition or disease has been
treated in different areas of the world over time. You might explore
the origins of medical knowledge and beliefs. You might consider
synergistic approaches to health care that encompass treatment
of the body, mind, and spirit. In exploring these topics, think
about meanings and perceptions of “traditional” medicine
vs. “modern” medicine or “alternative”
medicine vs. “conventional” medicine. Here are some
examples to get you started:
Example One: Origins of Medical Knowledge
Aspirin belongs to a class of drugs called salicylates and is
commonly used today to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. A
German chemist, Felix Hoffman, is credited with its invention
in 1897, but the origins of aspirin go back much further. The
use of willow bark, which contains salicin, as a pain reliever
may have developed in parallel across different parts of the world.
Its use has been recorded in China since approximately 500 B.C.
In the fourth century B.C., Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician,
prescribed it for headaches, labor pains, and fevers. Furthermore,
early European settlers to North America found indigenous peoples
gathering leaves and bark from willow trees for similar medicinal
purposes.
Example Two: Body ~ Mind ~ Spirit
Ayurveda is an approach to healing that has been practiced primarily
in the Indian subcontinent for over 5,000 years. Ayurveda states
that everybody and everything is composed of five fundamental
elements called space, air, fire, water, and earth. Each of us
is born with all five present. However, everyone has them in a
unique proportion that determines our individual features and
inherent physical tendencies. Ayurveda includes diet and herbal
remedies and emphasizes the use of body, mind, and spirit in disease
prevention and treatment.
"Traditional" vs. "Modern" ~ "Alternative"
vs. "Conventional"
In the U.S., the conventional treatment for patients suffering
from high blood pressure has been lifelong drug therapy combined
with changes in diet and exercise habits. Because medication is
expensive and can cause unpleasant side effects, some organizations
and patients are turning to "alternative" treatments,
such as acupuncture. One example is the Stop Hypertension with
Acupuncture Research Program (SHARP), a 180 person pilot study
funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Acupuncture
is a medical system in which tiny needles are inserted along specific
points on the body. In China, acupuncture has been practiced for
more than 2,500 years and is considered both a traditional and
conventional method for preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease.
Its healing power is based on the premise that energy ("Chi"
or "Qi") circulates throughout the body along pathways,
or meridians and that precisely-placed needles restore and maintain
health by correcting imbalances or blockages of energy. In the
Western view, acupuncture is thought to work by triggering the
release of pain-relieving endorphins and improving immune function.
Although the SHARP study is only in its beginning stages, extensive
literature from Asian and Russian medical communities already
suggests that acupuncture may indeed lower blood pressure.
Citations
Nonnative Species
Natural Disasters
Mythology
- Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. 17-18.
- Campbell, Joseph, and Bill Moyers. The Power of Myth.
New York: Doubleday, 1988. 128-129.
- Heiner, Heidi Anne. “History of Cinderella.” SurLaLune
Fairy Tales. 8 July 2002. 7 Aug. 2003 <http://www.surlalunefairytales.com>.
- Hubbard, Judy. De Anza College. Telephone Interview. 30 July
2003.
- Encyclopedia Mythica. Ed. M.F. Lindemans. 7 Aug.
2003 <http://www.pantheon.org/mythica.html>.
- “Four Dragon.” Tales of Wonder. Ed. Richard
Darsie. 7 Aug. 2003 <http://www.darsie.net/talesofwonder/4drag.html>.
- Guardado, Katherine, and David Shindle. Quetzalcoatl:
The Man, The Myth, The Legend. 30 Jan. 1999. 7 Aug. 2003
<http://weber.ucsd.edu/
~anthclub/quetzalcoatl/quetzal.htm>.
- Rubin, Norman A. “Ghosts, Demons and Spirits in Japanese
Lore.” Asianart.com. Ed. Ian Alsop. 26 June 2000.
7 Aug. 2003 <http://www.asianart.com/articles/rubin/>.
- Tekelü, Ahmed. Yagatan. ca. 1525–30. Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York.
- Sho (Mouth Organ). 1615-1716. Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York.
- Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
New York: Scholastic, 2003.
Space Travel
Global Economy
- “Cutting-edge health care training in Africa.”
Home page. 24 Oct. 2002. University of Oxford. 7 Aug. 2003 <http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/
po/021024.shtml>.
- “International Telemedicine - Using Western technology
and medical expertise.” Home page. Africa Foundation.
7 Aug. 2003
<http://www.africafoundation.org/
projects/health_care/technology.asp>.
- “Buena Vista Social Club.” Wim Wenders - The
Official Site. 15 Aug. 2003 <http://www.wim-wenders.com/movies/movies_spec/
buenavistasocialclub/buenavistasocialclub.htm>.
- Martinez, Rubén. “Havana: The Golden Era.”
PBS presents Buena Vista Social Club. PBS. 15 Aug.
2003 <http://www.pbs.org/
buenavista/film/introduction.html>.
- Engardio, Pete, Aaron Bertstein, Manjeet Kripalani, Frederik
Balfour, Brian Grow, and Jay Greene. “The New Global Job
Shift.” Business Week Online 3 Feb. 2003. 15
Aug. 2003 <http://www.businessweek.com/
magazine/content/03_05/b3818001.htm>.
- Mieszkowski, Katharine. “White-collar sweatshops.”
Salon.com 2 July 2003. 15 Aug. 2003 <http://www.salon.com/tech/
feature/2003/07/02/outsourcing/index.html>.
- “Fair Trade Coffee.” Home page. Global Exchange.
15 Aug. 2003 <http://www.globalexchange.org/campaigns/fairtrade/coffee/>.
- Sorby, Kristina. “Coffee market trends”. Home
page. June 2002. World Bank Group. 15 Aug. 2003 <http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/
ESSD/ardext.nsf/26ByDocName/
CoffeeMarketTrends/$FILE/
ATN30BackgroundPaper1.pdf>.
- Sorby, Kristina. “What is sustainable coffee?”
Home page. June 2002. World Bank Group. 15 Aug. 2003
<http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/
ardext.nsf/26ByDocName/WhatisSustainableCoffee/
$FILE/ATN30BackgroundPaper2.pdf>.
- "Why FLO deals with Coffee.” Home page. Fairtrade
Labelling Organizations International. 15 Aug. 2003 <http://www.fairtrade.net
/sites/products/coffee.htm>.
Medicine
- Bellis, Mary. “History of Aspirin.” About.com.
1 Aug. 2003
<http://inventors.about.com/
library/inventors/blaspirin.htm>.
- Bleam, William, Donald McKinney, and Mark Michalovic. “Aspirin
Adventures”. Pharmaceutical Achievers. The Chemical
Heritage Foundation. 1 Aug. 2003
<http://www.chemheritage.org/
EducationalServices/pharm/asp/asp00.htm>.
- “White Willow Bark.” WholeHealthMD.com.
1 Aug. 2003
<http://www.wholehealthmd.com/
refshelf/substances_view/1,1525,10069,00.html>.
- “What is Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)?”
Home page. May 2002. National Center for Complementary and Alternative
Medicine, National Institutes of Health. 1 Aug. 2003 <http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/>.
- “What is Ayurveda?” Home page. Bindi. 1 Aug. 2003
<http://www.bindi.com/ayur.asp>.
- “High Blood Pressure (Hypertension).” WebMD
Health. 30 May 2003. 1 Aug. 2003 <http://my.webmd.com/content/healthwise/
161/51158.htm?z=1817_0000_0000_rl_05>.
- “Mass. General to study acupuncture treatment for high
blood pressure.” Home page. 4 Apr. 2001. Massachusetts
General Hospital. 1 Aug. 2003
<http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/DEPTS/
pubaffairs/releases/040401acupuncture.htm>.
- McKenzie, John. “Acupuncture for the Heart?” ABCNEWS.com.
27 Feb. 2002. 1 Aug. 2003 <http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/
wnt/worldnewstonight/wnt020226_acupuncture.html>.
- Weil, Andrew. Letter. DrWeil.com. 13 Sept. 2000.
1 Aug. 2003 <http://www.drweil.com/app/cda/drw_
cda.html-command=TodayQA-questionId=3921>.
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